Syndrome

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Down syndrome is a genetic condition that causes mild to serious physical and developmental problems. People with Down syndrome are born with an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are bundles of genes. Asherman’s syndrome is an acquired condition (one you are not born with) that refers to having scar tissue in the uterus or in the cervix (the opening to the uterus). This scar tissue makes the walls of these organs stick together and reduces the size of the uterus.


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Related to syndrome: metabolic syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, Down syndrome, Asperger's syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome

syn·drome

(sĭn′drōm′)n.
1. A group of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or other condition considered abnormal.
2.
a. A complex of symptoms indicating the existence of an undesirable condition or quality: suffers from fear-of-success syndrome.
b. A distinctive or characteristic pattern of behavior: the syndrome of conspicuous consumption in wealthy suburbs.
3. A group of anatomical and often physiological characteristics of an organism that serve a specific function and are presumed to have evolved together: the angiosperm reproductive syndrome.
[Greek sundromē, concurrence of symptoms, from sundromos, running together : sun-, syn- + dromos, a running.]
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

syndrome

(ˈsɪndrəʊm) n
1. (Medicine) med any combination of signs and symptoms that are indicative of a particular disease or disorder
2. a symptom, characteristic, or set of symptoms or characteristics indicating the existence of a condition, problem, etc
[C16: via New Latin from Greek sundromē, literally: a running together, from syn- + dramein to run]
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014

syn•drome

(ˈsɪn droʊm, -drəm)
n.
1. a group of symptoms that together are characteristic of a specific disorder, disease, or the like.
2. a predictable, characteristic condition or pattern of behavior that tends to occur under certain circumstances: the empty nest syndrome.
[1535–45; < New Latin < Greek syndromḗ concurrence, combination =syn-syn- + -dromē running]
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.

syn·drome

(sĭn′drōm′)
An abnormal condition or disease that is identified by a set group of physical signs and symptoms.
The American Heritage® Student Science Dictionary, Second Edition. Copyright © 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
Noun1.syndrome - a complex of concurrent things; 'every word has a syndrome of meanings'
complex, composite - a conceptual whole made up of complicated and related parts; 'the complex of shopping malls, houses, and roads created a new town'
2.syndrome - a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease
autism - (psychiatry) an abnormal absorption with the self; marked by communication disorders and short attention span and inability to treat others as people
ADD, ADHD, attention deficit disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hyperkinetic syndrome, MBD, minimal brain damage, minimal brain dysfunction - a condition (mostly in boys) characterized by behavioral and learning disorders
Horner's syndrome - a pattern of symptoms occurring as a result of damage to nerves in the cervical region of the spine (drooping eyelids and constricted pupils and absence of facial sweating)
symptom - (medicine) any sensation or change in bodily function that is experienced by a patient and is associated with a particular disease
cervical disc syndrome, cervical root syndrome - an abnormal condition resulting from compression of spinal nerve roots in the neck region; involves neck pains and muscular weakness and paresthesia
Chinese restaurant syndrome - headache and tingling or burning feelings and sweating caused by eating food that contains monosodium glutamate
Conn's syndrome - disturbances in saltwater balance and symptoms of weakness and muscular cramps and twitching and convulsions and sometimes paralysis; usually caused by a benign tumor of the cortex of the adrenal gland that leads to excess secretion of aldosterone
FAS, fetal alcohol syndrome - a congenital medical condition in which body deformation occurs or facial development or mental ability is impaired because the mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy
Gulf War syndrome, Persian Gulf illness - a medical condition of uncertain origin that affected many veterans of the 1991 Gulf War; characterized by fatigue and headache and dizziness and nausea and rashes and joint pain and respiratory disorders
Klinefelter syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, XXY-syndrome - syndrome in males that is characterized by small testes and long legs and enlarged breasts and reduced sperm production and mental retardation; a genetic defect in which an extra X chromosome (XXY) is present in the male
malabsorption syndrome - a pattern of symptoms including loss of appetite and bloating and weight loss and muscle pain and steatorrhea; associated with celiac disease and sprue and cystic fibrosis
Munchausen syndrome, Munchausen's syndrome - syndrome consisting of feigning acute and dramatic illness for which no clinical evidence is ever found
nephrosis, nephrotic syndrome - a syndrome characterized by edema and large amounts of protein in the urine and usually increased blood cholesterol; usually associated with glomerulonephritis or with a complication of various systemic diseases
Noonan's syndrome - syndrome seen only in males; marked by short stature and lowset ears and subnormal fertility
phantom limb syndrome - syndrome consisting of discomfort or pain in a limb that has been amputated
PMS, premenstrual syndrome - a syndrome that occurs in many women from 2 to 14 days before the onset of menstruation
radiation sickness, radiation syndrome, radiation - syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions); low doses cause diarrhea and nausea and vomiting and sometimes loss of hair; greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours; 'he was suffering from radiation'
Ramsay Hunt syndrome - syndrome resulting from infection by the herpes varicella zoster virus; characterized by vertigo and pain in the ears and facial nerve paralysis and sometimes hearing loss
Reiter's disease, Reiter's syndrome - an inflammatory syndrome (etiology unknown) predominantly in males; characterized by arthritis and conjunctivitis and urethritis
Ekbom syndrome, restless legs, restless legs syndrome - feeling of uneasiness and restlessness in the legs after going to bed (sometimes causing insomnia); may be relieved temporarily by walking or moving the legs
Reye's syndrome - acquired encephalopathy following acute viral infections (especially influenza or chicken pox) in young children; characterized by fever, vomiting, disorientation, coma, and fatty infiltration of the liver
scalenus syndrome - discomfort and vascular symptoms and loss of sensation in a shoulder and arm; caused by a scalene muscle compressing the subclavian artery and part of the brachial plexus
apyretic tetanus, intermittent cramp, intermittent tetanus, tetanilla, tetany - clinical neurological syndrome characterized by muscular twitching and cramps and (when severe) seizures; associated with calcium deficiency (hypoparathyroidism) or vitamin D deficiency or alkalosis
thoracic outlet syndrome - tingling sensations in the fingers; caused by compression on a nerve supplying the arm
Tietze's syndrome - syndrome characterized by swelling of rib cartilage (causing pain)
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Tourette's syndrome - neurological disorder characterized by facial grimaces and tics and movements of the upper body and grunts and shouts and coprolalia
Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.

syndrome

nouncondition, complaint, illness, symptoms, disorder, ailment, afflictionThe syndrome strikes those whose immune systems are below par.
Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © HarperCollins Publishers 1995, 2002
syndrom
szindrómatünetcsoport
syndrom

syndrome

[ˈsɪndrəʊm]N → síndromem

Neonatal Progeroid Syndrome

Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © HarperCollins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005

syndrome

[ˈsɪndrəʊm]n
(fig) → syndromem
Complete list of syndromes
Collins English/French Electronic Resource. © HarperCollins Publishers 2005

syndrome

Collins German Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged 7th Edition 2005. © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1980 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2007
Collins Italian Dictionary 1st Edition © HarperCollins Publishers 1995

syn·drome

n. síndrome, síntomas y señales que caracterizan una enfermedad;
acquired immune deficiency ___ → ___ de inmunodeficiencia adquirida;
adrenogenital ___ → ___ suprarrenogenital;
battered children ___ → ___ de niños maltratados;
congenital rubella ___ → ___ congénito de rubéola;
dumping ___ → ___ de vaciamiento gástrico rápido;
irritable bowel ___ → ___ de intestino irritado, irritable;
malabsorption ___ → ___ de malabsorción gastrointestinal;
middle lobe ___ → ___ del lóbulo medio del pulmón;
respiratory stress ___ → ___ de dificultad respiratoria;
scalded skin ___ → ___ de escaldadura, quemadura de la epidermis;
subclavian steal ___ → ___ del secuestro subclavicular;
multiple transfusion ___ → ___ de transfusión múltiple;
toxic shock ___ → ___ de choque tóxico, envenenamiento de la sangre causado por estafilococos;
English-Spanish Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012

syndrome

n síndrome m; acquired immunodeficiency — (AIDS) síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA or sida m); adult respiratory distress — (ARDS) síndrome de dificultad respiratoria del adulto (SDRA); antiphospholipid — síndrome antifosfolípido; apical ballooning — síndrome de discinesia apical (transitoria); Asherman's — síndrome de Asherman; bacterial overgrowth — sobrecrecimiento bacteriano intestinal; battered child — síndrome del niño maltratado; blind loop — síndrome de(l) asa ciega; broken heart — síndrome del corazón roto; carcinoid — síndrome carcinoide; carpal tunnel — síndrome del túnel carpiano; chronic fatigue — síndrome de fatiga crónica; Churg-Strauss — síndrome de Churg-Strauss; compartmental — síndrome compartimental; complex regional pain — síndrome de dolor regional complejo; Cushing's — síndrome de Cushing; Down — síndrome de Down; Ehlers-Danlos — síndrome de Ehlers-Danlos; empty nest — síndrome del nido vacío; Felty's — síndrome de Felty; fetal alcohol — síndrome alcohólico fetal; Gilbert's — síndrome de Gilbert; Gilles de la Tourette — síndrome de Gilles de la Tourette; Guillain-Barré — síndrome de Guillain-Barré; hemolyticuremic — síndrome hemolítico-urémico; hepatorenal — síndrome hepatorrenal; irritable bowel — síndrome de(l) intestino irritable, síndrome de(l) colon irritable; Klinefelter — síndrome de Klinefelter; Marfan — síndrome de Marfán; metabolic — síndrome metabólico; Munchausen — síndrome de Munchausen; myelodysplastic — síndrome mielodisplásico; nephrotic — síndrome nefrótico; neuroleptic malignant — síndrome neuroléptico maligno; obesity-hypoventilation — síndrome de hipoventilación por obesidad; Osler-Weber-Rendu — síndrome de Osler-Weber-Rendu; overactive bladder — síndrome de vejiga hiperactiva; overuse — síndrome de sobrecarga, lesión f por sobrecarga (esp. Esp); Peutz-Jeghers — síndrome de Peutz-Jeghers; Pickwickian — (ant) síndrome de hipoventilación por obesidad, síndrome de Pickwick (ant); polycystic ovary — síndrome de ovario poliquístico; postcon-cussion — síndrome postconmocional; post-polio — síndrome post-polio; premenstrual — (PMS) síndrome premenstrual (SPM); Reiter's — (ant) artritis reactiva, síndrome de Reiter (ant); restless legs — síndrome de piernas inquietas; Reye's — síndrome de Reye; severe acute respiratory — (SARS) síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SRAS); Sheehan's — síndrome de Sheehan; short bowel — síndrome de intestino corto; Sjögren's — síndrome de Sjögren; staphylococcal scalded skin — síndrome de la piel escaldada estafilocócica; Stevens-Johnson — síndrome de Stevens-Johnson; sudden infant death — (SIDS) síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante or infantil; toxic shock — síndrome de choque tóxico; Turner — síndrome de Turner; wasting — síndrome de desgaste; Wernicke-Korsakoff — síndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff; Wolff-Parkinson-White — síndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White
English-Spanish/Spanish-English Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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A syndrome is a set of medical signs and symptoms which are correlated with each other and often associated with a particular disease or disorder.[1] The word derives from the Greek σύνδρομον, meaning 'concurrence'.[2]:1818 When a syndrome is paired with a definite cause this becomes a disease.[3] In some instances, a syndrome is so closely linked with a pathogenesis or cause that the words syndrome, disease, and disorder end up being used interchangeably for them. This substitution of terminology often confuses the reality and meaning of medical diagnoses.[3] This is especially true of inherited syndromes. For example, Down syndrome, Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome, and Andersen syndrome are disorders with known pathogeneses, so each is more than just a set of signs and symptoms, despite the syndrome nomenclature. In other instances, a syndrome is not specific to only one disease. For example, toxic shock syndrome can be caused by various toxins; premotor syndrome can be caused by various brain lesions; and premenstrual syndrome is not a disease but simply a set of symptoms.

If an underlying genetic cause is suspected but not known, a condition may be referred to as a genetic association (often just 'association' in context). By definition, an association indicates that the collection of signs and symptoms occurs in combination more frequently than would be likely by chance alone.[2]:167

Syndromes are often named after the physician or group of physicians that discovered them or initially described the full clinical picture. Such eponymous syndrome names are examples of medical eponyms. Recently, there has been a shift towards naming conditions descriptively (by symptoms or underlying cause) rather than eponymously, but the eponymous syndrome names often persist in common usage.

Usage[edit]

General medicine[edit]

In medicine, a broad definition of syndrome is used, which describes a collection of symptoms and findings without necessarily tying them to a single identifiable pathogenesis. Examples of infectious syndromes include encephalitis and hepatitis, which can both have several different infectious causes.[4] The more specific definition employed in medical genetics describes a subset of all medical syndromes.

Psychiatry and psychopathology[edit]

Syndrome D'asperger

Psychiatric syndromes often called psychopathological syndromes (psychopathology refers both to psychic dysfunctions occurring in mental disorders, and the study of the origin, diagnosis, development, and treatment of mental disorders).

In Russia those psychopathological syndromes are used in modern clinical practice and described in psychiatric literature in the details: asthenic syndrome, obsessive syndrome, emotional syndromes (for example, manic syndrome, depressive syndrome), Cotard's syndrome, catatonic syndrome, hebephrenic syndrome, delusional and hallucinatory syndromes (for example, paranoid syndrome, paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome, Kandinsky-Clérambault's syndrome also known as syndrome of psychic automatism, hallucinosis), paraphrenic syndrome, psychopathic syndromes (includes all personality disorders), clouding of consciousness syndromes (for example, twilight clouding of consciousness, amential syndrome also known as amentia, delirious syndrome, stunned consciousness syndrome, oneiroid syndrome), hysteric syndrome, neurotic syndrome, Korsakoff's syndrome, hypochondriacal syndrome, paranoiac syndrome, senestopathic syndrome, encephalopathic syndrome.[5][6]

Some examples of psychopathological syndromes used in modern Germany are psychoorganic syndrome, depressive syndrome, paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome, obsessive-compulsive syndrome, autonomic syndrome, hostility syndrome, manic syndrome, apathy syndrome.[7]

Münchausen syndrome, Ganser syndrome, neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome, olfactory reference syndrome are also well-known.

History[edit]

The most important psychopathological syndromes were classified into three groups ranked in order of severity by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856—1926). The first group, which includes the mild disorders, consists of five syndromes: emotional, paranoid, hysterical, delirious, and impulsive.[8] The second, intermediate, group includes two syndromes: schizophrenic syndrome and speech-hallucinatory syndrome.[8] The third includes the most severe disorders, and consists of three syndromes: epileptic, oligophrenic and dementia.[8] In Kraepelin's era, epilepsy was viewed as a mental illness; Karl Jaspers also considered 'genuine epilepsy' a 'psychosis', and described 'the three major psychoses' as schizophrenia, epilepsy, and manic-depressive illness.[9]

Medical genetics[edit]

In the field of medical genetics, the term 'syndrome' is traditionally only used when the underlying genetic cause is known. Thus, trisomy 21 is commonly known as Down syndrome.

Until 2005, CHARGE syndrome was most frequently referred to as 'CHARGE association'. When the major causative gene (CHD7) for the condition was discovered, the name was changed.[10] The consensus underlying cause of VACTERL association has not been determined, and thus it is not commonly referred to as a 'syndrome'.[11]

Other fields[edit]

In biology, 'syndrome' is used in a more general sense to describe characteristic sets of features in various contexts. Examples include behavioral syndromes, as well as pollination syndromes and seed dispersal syndromes.

In orbital mechanics and astronomy, Kessler syndrome refers to the effect where the density of objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) is high enough that collisions between objects could cause a cascade in which each collision generates space debris that increases the likelihood of further collisions.

China syndrome is a fictional scenario where a nuclear meltdown melts through a reactor containment vessel and then all the way through the earth to the opposite side.

Syndrome Store

Naming[edit]

There is no set common convention for the naming of newly identified syndromes. In the past, syndromes were often named after the physician or scientist who identified and described the condition in an initial publication, these are referred to as 'eponymous syndromes'. In some cases, diseases are named after the patient who initially presents with symptoms,[12] or their home town (Stockholm syndrome). There have been isolated cases of patients being eager to have their syndromes named after them, while their physicians are hesitant.[13] When a syndrome is named after a person, there is some difference of opinion as to whether it should take the possessive form or not (Down syndrome vs. Down's syndrome). North American usage has tended to favor the non-possessive form, while European references often use the possessive.[14] Even in Europe, there has been a trend away from the possessive form, over the period between 1970 and 2008.[14]

History[edit]

Avicenna, in The Canon of Medicine (published 1025), pioneered the idea of a syndrome in the diagnosis of specific diseases.[15] The concept of a medical syndrome was further developed in the 17th century by Thomas Sydenham.[16]

Underlying cause[edit]

Even in syndromes with no known etiology, the presence of the associated symptoms with a statistically improbable correlation normally leads the researchers to hypothesize that there exists an unknown underlying cause for all the described symptoms.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^The British Medical Association Illustrated Medical Dictionary. London: Dorling Kindersley. 2002. pp. 177, 536. ISBN9780751333831. OCLC51643555.
  2. ^ abDorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. 2012. ISBN9781416062578. OCLC706780870.
  3. ^ abCalvo, F; Karras, BT; Phillips, R; Kimball, AM; Wolf, F (2003). 'Diagnoses, Syndromes, and Diseases: A Knowledge Representation Problem'. AMIA Annu Symp Proc: 802. PMC1480257. PMID14728307.
  4. ^Slack, R. C. B. (2012). 'Infective syndromes'. In Greenwood, D.; Barer, M.; Slack, R.; Irving, W. (eds.). Medical Microbiology (18th ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 678–688. ISBN978-0-7020-4089-4.
  5. ^Дмитриева, Т. Б.; Краснов, В. Н.; Незнанов, Н. Г.; Семке, В. Я.; Тиганов, А. С. (2011). Психиатрия: Национальное руководство [Psychiatry: The National Manual] (in Russian). Moscow: ГЭОТАР-Медиа. pp. 306–330. ISBN978-5-9704-2030-0.
  6. ^Сметанников, П. Г. (1995). Психиатрия: Краткое руководство для врачей [Psychiatry: A Brief Guide for Physicians] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: СПбМАПО. pp. 86–119. ISBN5-85077-025-9.
  7. ^P. Pichot (2013). Clinical Psychopathology Nomenclature and Classification. Springer. p. 157. ISBN978-1-4899-5049-9.
  8. ^ abcCole, S. J. (1922). 'The Forms in which Insanity Expresses Itself [Die Erscheinungsformen des Irreseins]. (Arb. für Psychiat., München, Bd. ii, 1921.) Kraepelin, Emil'. The British Journal of Psychiatry. Royal College of Psychiatrists. 68 (282): 296. doi:10.1192/bjp.68.282.295. ISSN0007-1250.
  9. ^Ghaemi S. N. (2009). 'Nosologomania: DSM & Karl Jaspers' critique of Kraepelin'. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine. 4: 10. doi:10.1186/1747-5341-4-10. PMC2724409. PMID19627606.
  10. ^'#214800 - CHARGE Syndrome'. Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
  11. ^'#192350 - VATER Association'. Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
  12. ^McCusick, Victor (1986). Mendelian Inheritance in Man (7th ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. xxiii–xxv.
  13. ^Teebi, A. S. (2004). 'Naming of a syndrome: The story of 'Adam Wright' syndrome'. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 125A (3): 329–30. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.20460. PMID14994249. S2CID8439955.
  14. ^ abJana, N; Barik, S; Arora, N (2009). 'Current use of medical eponyms--a need for global uniformity in scientific publications'. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 9: 18. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-9-18. PMC2667526. PMID19272131.
  15. ^Lenn Evan Goodman (2003), Islamic Humanism, p. 155, Oxford University Press, ISBN0-19-513580-6.
  16. ^Natelson, Benjamin H. (1998). Facing and fighting fatigue: a practical approach. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. pp. 30. ISBN0-300-07401-8.

External links[edit]

Look up syndrome in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Whonamedit.com - a repository of medical eponyms
Syndromestore
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